How Many Gates Did the Pass Cities on the Great Wall Generally Have

The pass cities on the Great Wall typically had multiple gates. The most common configuration was two to four gates. The main gate, often facing the direction of major trade routes or potential invasions, was grand and fortified. It was built with thick wooden doors reinforced with iron, and flanked by watchtowers. This gate was used for the passage of troops, merchants, and official convoys. Secondary gates were sometimes added for different purposes. For example, a small side gate might be used for the daily ingress and egress of local residents or for quick supply deliveries. In some complex pass cities, there could be a water gate if the location was near a river or moat. These gates were designed to control the flow of water and also served as an alternative entry or exit point during emergencies. The layout and number of gates were carefully planned to balance defense, transportation, and daily life needs.